Cities and their fast-changing characteristics, while beneficial for minority privileged groups, are becoming increasingly detrimental to the majority marginalised sections that live, work and shape our Indian cities.Urban Local Bodies need to facilitate the underprivileged with appropriate policy interventions,treat them as equal and make cities more livable and just for every citizen
Various groups of slum dwellers, civil society organisations, women groups, other groups working amongst the urban poor, disabled women groups, street vendors, housing rights activists and so on assembled in Delhi on February 28 to set in place a new discourse for 2019.
This new discourse called ‘voices of the unheard’ in the cities intends to influence the 2019 general elections by advocating their demands to be (a) incorporated in the election manifestoes of the political parties and (b) during the elections getting their demand charter endorsed and signed by respective candidates when they visit their (poor people) habitations. Getting enthused from the ‘election hit campaign’ in recently held Madhya Pradesh assembly elections, where the candidates were asked to endorse ‘zero eviction’ policy and sign it in front of the community people; there is some hope for the poor.
The challenge is the way urbanisation is progressing in the country. Urbanisation is projected as a panacea for the development challenges that we face as a nation. The cities are evolving at a rapid pace especially Tier2, 3 and Tier 4 cities. However, there has been less action at the inequality perpetuated, unjustness in design and unsustainable growth of urban India.
The February 28, convention chalked out the following demands which will become focus of actions at the local level to influence the elections in the cities. It may be emphasised that over 150 members of parliament in the Lok Sabha are either directly or predominantly elected from cities.
Right to housing and land title for slums
More than 30 percent of India’s population in cities lives in slums that are unprotected and are bereft of basic services. In contrast with the popular perception, slums are occupying only around 5 per cent of urban land in most cities.
The housing policies that aim to monetize land under slums like ‘Housing for All’ have exploited this little land and lead to numerous evictions and displacements of urban poor. Therefore, it is demanded that land titles be conferred to slum dwellers in Indian cities and ensure their protection first, and then inclusive development later of the community’s choice. This will benefit more than 15 crore urban
poor population.
No cut-off dates and Zero Eviction Policy
Numerous basti pockets remain ‘illegal’ without access to services and amenities due to regressive policies of centre and state governments like cut-off dates that determine the legal status of people’s settlements. This is leading to numerous evictions that lead to homelessness and further marginalisation of urban poor. Moreover, these policies are also contradicting the larger urbanisation policy of the country that is inviting more people to urban areas. It is demanded that such cut-off dates be removed, or cut-off date be as the date of survey and a zero eviction policy prepared at the national level.
Slum upgradation scheme with the provision of basic services on ‘as is where is’ basis
‘Bastis’also called slums have been always considered to be filthy and unclean. This approach to solving people’s housing needs has only resulted in evictions and removal of slums in the name of ‘beautification of cities’. There are numerous successful examples worldwide, where it is amply clear that problem with slums is not the ‘houses’, but the service provision. There is a demand of a national scheme that only focuses on the improvement of slums on – ‘as is, where is’ basis and ensures that there is no diversion of housing debate into the number of houses, but protecting and improving the existing people’s housing wherever possible.
Introducing a National Housing, Habitat and Urban policy in 2019
The National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy of 2007, has mostly remained on paper, with many loopholes in its formulation and gaps in its implementation at the state level. There is a need to conceive a new holistic habitat and urban policy that will pave the way for legislative reforms for inclusive and sustainable urban development. This policy should also keep the needs and protection to informal settlements and livelihoods in Indian cities as a core focus of its agenda;thereby bringing together the diverse policies on housing, transport and sanitation with other emerging issues of quickly urbanising India focusing on marginalised sections and groups (caste, class, gender, disability). The policy must also address the needs of peripheral urbanisation and include the transient population migrating to cities because of rural distress.
‘Smart’ cities to be reconceived as ‘Liveable & Just Cities for All’
Smart Cities Mission has been a disaster for the urban. The unrealistic plans, focusing on technology centric solutions, prepared by foreign companies and implemented through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) against the democratic participatory planning principles has resulted in chaos and bypassing of local elected governments.
This needs to be replaced by the concept of “Liveable & Just Cities for All” – that begins with the premise of inclusion and sustainability, with clear benchmarks and standards for all the urban poor and worker communities in their cities, and protect the existing people settlements and livelihoods. 10 lakh urban homeless, who without adequate shelter as prescribed in National Urban Livelihood Mission – Shelter for Urban Homeless (NULM-SUH) scheme are suffering daily lives of humiliation in the open and in spite of The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 – the inhuman prevalence of manual scavenging continues in Indian cities, leading to the daily occurrence of deaths in the streets and sewers. Strict implementation of the Act, with appropriate technological and financial support is required to ensure that no more urban poor-workers’ lives are lost.
The whole mission should be channelled through capacitated local elected governments following public consultations and discussions to develop an indigenous model of ‘Liveable & Just cities’. Particular attention will be on promoting E-governance with support from Indian institutions like IITs and NIC (National Informatics Centre), to monitor and support the improvement in service delivery and implementation of projects.
‘National Action Plan’ to address ‘Climate Change Adaptation and Pollution’ for resilient Indian cities
Indian cities are the most polluted in the world and are increasingly becoming unliveable. In the coming years our 10,000 plus cities are going to be great contributors to global warming and climate change, and the same can be controlled only through appropriate measures.
Alongside the threat of pollution, climate change induced disasters are also on the increase in urban areas leading to further marginalization of urban poor groups who are more vulnerable. There is need to target the 100 most polluted/vulnerable cities and take strong measures to control the rising pollution and climate change threats through integrated relevant policy interventions, one of them being urban planning and development. Promoting mixed land use, live & work urban form, public transport and non-motorised transport, and sustainable handling of solid waste management are the first steps in the urban adaptive and resilience building of Indian cities.
All informal sector workers guaranteed identity and dignity with basic rights, social security and entitlements with portability
A huge majority of urban informal sector workers – around 20 crore in population, though recognised and protected through numerous existing laws, are not able to avail any benefits of schemes as they lack ‘identity’ of being workers.
There is a need to ensure that all workers are registered as workers through various provisions available in the acts/ policies. Also there is a need to reactivate the Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008 (UWSSA) with enough financial provisions in budget to ensure universal minimum social security – like healthcare, maternity, insurance and pension. Also, to address the needs of vast number of migrant workers, portability of these schemes should be ensured to provide seamless benefits across jurisdictions to workers.
The centre should also fix universal minimum wages and (or) launch a ‘National Urban Employment Scheme’ to provide livelihoods to the informal sector workers to lead a life with ‘dignity’. Women domestic workers – who are around 2 crore in cities and whose work is still not considered work and who are exploited in a patriarchal society – need to be accorded policy protection with a specific act on ‘domestic workers’.
As women work in the informal sector as domestic workers, street vendors, sex workers, home based workers, waste collectors, construction workers, etc., they should be provided with safe access to public spaces and services. With respect to the on-going demand for amalgamation of labour codes, it is demanded that in the name of universalisation of benefits, the dilution of different acts/boards that exist for different workers be stopped and be maintained separately so as to contribute to the specific needs
of workers.
Street vending to be protected and accommodated in Indian cities
Street Vendors (SV) Act ratified in 2014 has not been implemented and street vendors – including
Thereafter, Town Vending Committees (TVCs) be constituted through elections and space for street vending designated in urban planning processes and schemes.
Implementation of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA), and devolution of powers and finances
After 25 years of 74th CAA, there is a need for more autonomy and power to the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Increasingly there is a trend of re-centralisation of urban governance; SPVs being the best case of the numerous examples. It is expected that the finances and powers of city planning and provision of services controlled presently by the centre & state governments should be handed over to capacitate ULBs that through democratic participatory processes like ward committees ensure that urban planning is localised in scale, and thereby make it inclusionary for urban poor groups.
Required resources and capacities to ULBs have to be imparted by the central and state governments and ensuring that real time ward expenditure data should be put in public domain which is accessible to all leading towards transparency of functions and functionaries of the ULB’s.Increase gender budget allocation in addressing the issue of lack of Dalit women representation. And thereby, get rid of ‘SPV model’ of governance mechanisms granted through Article 243Q provision that dilute the fundamental principles of the Constitution.
Adequate provision and formalisation of human resources in ULBs
Alongside more autonomy of ULBs, there is a need to address the huge shortage of human resources in the cities due to which the lack of services gets exacerbated. ‘Outsourcing’ on contract basis as the main mode of employment and service provision has led to a decline of quality of city functions like – water provision, sanitation and solid waste and sewage management. There is an urgent need to have a policy that incentivises regularisation of municipal workers, who are at the moment being exploited in sub-human working conditions and bereft of social security. Alsoall ULBs should have greater powers to recruit staff to match their requirements directly and from specialised cadres available to them.
Cities to get 5 per cent of the GDP
Indian cities contribute 70 per cent of GDP and 90 per cent of government revenues, but are in great need of resources to be ploughed back into the development. Now only about 1 percent of the GDP is being invested in our cities and their development through major schemes and programs from the centre, which is less than some of the subsides for the well-off like
LPG and petroleum.
There is a need to at least assign 5 per cent of the GDP to the various developmental programs in cities from centre to the states and ULBs consequently, ensuring devolution and decentralisation of powers as per 74th CAA. This will benefit more than 10,000 small and big cities in India, which is going to account for 50 per cent of India’s population by 2030.
Women-friendly cities that are accessible to all
The accessibility and safety of women in Indian cities have been reduced to CCTVs and more vigilant policing. We wish to demand a departure from the same using urban planning to envisage women-friendly cities. This may be achieved through – firstly, alerting urban development keeping women and children in the centre. Like housing, where housing design is gender responsive, and the housing projects should be located in places where an ecosystem of services (public transport, water, sanitation, etc.)
is assured.
Secondly, the only way cities will be safe for women is through a more visible presence of women on the streets, this can be achieved by ensuring more pavements that promote walkability and access to public transport, focus should be to encourage mix-use developments so that live-work characteristic favoured by women informal sectors workers like home-based, waste-pickers and domestic workers is supported.
Thirdly, as a means to encourage more women migrant working population in Indian cities – working women hostels for every five lakh population in the city, day care centres and livelihood centres be set up in every ward. Fourthly, to ensure that all our cities have free and accessible toilets in prominent public spaces for women and transgender.
Lastly there should be regularisation of local sensitisation of
government departments, social media, corporates, etc.