Air pollution in cities is one of the major environmental issues that the world has been encountering for years now. With growing industrialisation and population explosion, the challenge of controlling air pollution has become more difficult. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), seven million people die every year due to health issues caused by polluted air
Poor air quality affects all age groups, all regions, settings, and socioeconomic groups. However there are geographic differences in vulnerability to air pollution. Some regions enjoy clean air because of less or no industrialization and less population density, whereas citizens of regions like Asia, Africa, or Middle East, have pollutant levels that are much higher than those considered safe by WHO’s air quality guidelines.
Air pollution is an unavoidable aspect of rapid urbanisation. In recent years, many studies have been conducted which suggest that the air quality will further deteriorate with damaging impact especially on health, agriculture, and economy. Since urban air pollution depends on a wide variety of reasons, the government plays a vital role in addressing the issue of air pollution and finding ways to reduce it. Team Urban Update tries to document some of the most efficient initiatives taken by governments across the world to control air pollution in their cities.
NORTH AMERICA
In spite of the improving air quality in New York City (NYC) for decades now, air pollution remains a major concern. NYC has a long history of implementing programs to reduce the pollution level, but pollutants like PM2.5 from cars, power plants, forest fires and wood burning, damages the quality of air. In 2007, the levels of PM2.5 and Ozone crossed the standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In response to this, NYC started PlaNYC 2030, which was its first long-term sustainability plan. The plan aimed to make NYC’s air quality the cleanest among large cities in the US, when measured in terms of PM2.5. The initiative brought 25 civic agencies together to work towards the goal of cleaner and greener New York.
The government also launched other policies to reduce air pollution such as requiring all oil boilers to switch to cleaner fuels by year 2030, passing a law in 2010 requiring heating oil to contain 2 per cent biodiesel by October 2012. A voluntary “Clean Heat Program” was also launched which encouraged the adoption of cleaner fuels by providing financial and technical assistance to building owners.
As a result of these policies and initiatives by the government, an air quality report published in 2013 showed that sulphur oxide (SO2) concentration in the air was down by 69 per cent while the concentration of PM2.5 was down by 35 per cent.
Air pollution in Toronto is mainly due to traffic, and industrial, residential and commercial sources. It was recorded that 1,700 premature deaths and 6,000 hospitalisations per year in Toronto were a result of bad quality of air. To improve the quality of air, Government of Ontario released a unique policy. It was to exclude coal from the state’s electricity generation in a cost-effective way. Slowly but efficiently all coal plants stopped using coal by 2014. Over the years, use of coal to generate electricity was switched over to increased generation from natural gas, deployment of renewables and expansion of nuclear generation. By 2014, the levels of PM10, SO2 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions due to electricity generated by coal declined by 90 per cent, 91 per cent and 65 per cent, respectively.
SOUTH AMERICA
Bogota, the capital of Colombia, witnessed a serious pollution episode in February 2019, due to adverse atmospheric conditions that raised serious concerns about air quality in the capital. The city government had to declare an emergency situation, limiting traffic temporarily, mainly in majorly affected zones. Heavy duty diesel-powered trucks were permanently restricted during rush hours. It took four days to lower the levels of PM10 pollutants. Diesel-powered public buses and heavy transport vehicles are the main causes of pollution, which contribute 44 per cent of the polluting emissions according to the Clean Air report series, International Gas Union 2019. The other causes of pollution include industrial activity powered by coal, waste burning and poorly maintained road pavements. These contribute approximately 56 per cent to the pollution.
To improve the living conditions in the city, the government took the initiative of improving the city’s bus rapid transport system (BRT)-Transmilineo. 70 per cent of BRT fleet were switched to cleaner vehicles which use compressed natural gas (CNG).
The efforts are showing drastic change in the quality of air in Bogota as CNG absorbs 75 per cent of the emissions, does not contain Sulphur and gives out lower amounts of nitrogen oxide and NO2 emissions.
EUROPE
Half a century ago, London was trapped in a yellow dense fog of pollution. It was London’s first unfortunate lesson on the importance of clean air. The episode came to be known as “London Killer Smog” or the “Great Smog” due to which more than 12,000 deaths were caused. Soon afterwards, the 1956 Clean Air Act was launched, which was one of the world’s first major clean air policies. It brought in social, economic and technological changes to help reduce smoke and SO2 emissions. Significant changes were observed in the quality of air due to the measures taken by the government. Coal was largely replaced with natural gas and electricity. As a result, the SO2 concentration was significantly reduced in the atmosphere.
A few years ago, the Government of United Kingdom introduced carbon-pricing policies. They incorporated the environmental externality cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The Carbon Price Support program came into practice in April 2013 and rose annually. According to an analysis by the London School of Economics, coal generation dropped by 73 per cent between 2013 and 2017. This was caused due to the Coal Price Support program.
A drastic decline in concentration of greenhouse gasesby about 18 per cent was also observed.
Delhi’s battle against air pollution The main contributors of Delhi’s poor air quality index (AQI) are emissions from vehicles and industries, and stubble burning. The winters are extremely crucial in the national capital as they are dominated by cold, dry air, and ground based inversion with low wind conditions, which are the reasons behind increasing concentration of pollutants. In addition to that, approximately 35 million tons of rice-paddy stubble is burnt during this time of the year in the three adjoining states of Punjab, Haryana, and West Uttar Pradesh, which leads to heavy smog formation in Delhi. The central and state governments took many initiatives including shifting of commercial vehicle fleet from petrol to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), ban on use of coal, closure of thermal power station in Delhi, introduction of EURO 6 fuel and promoting use of Petroleum and Natural Gas in industries. In 2016 a Graded Response Action Plan was launched as an emergency measure which is executed when Delhi’s AQI deteriorates to ‘severely poor’ or ‘very poor’ category. As part of the plan, entry of trucks, operation of diesel generators and construction activities are temporarily banned in Delhi and the odd-even rule is implemented. In addition to this, Governments of Haryana and Delhi made several attempts to discourage burning of paddy residue. However, as alternatives to stubble burning were costly, the governments were largely unsuccessful. Ironically, despite these measures, the city is breaking all previous records of poor air quality levels in the pre-Diwali period this year.
ASIA
The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH)region is one of the most polluted regions in China. In 2013, the annual average of PM2.5 concentration in the region was three times more than China’s National Air Quality standard. Hence, as part of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, the State Council decided to work towards reducing air pollution in the BTH region by 2017 by 25 per cent as compared to pollution levels in 2012. It is also known to be the most rigid air pollution plan till date in China. Six ministries jointly launched programmes for the prevention and control of air pollution in the area. Many measures were enforced including reduction of coal consumption, the re-adjustment of industrial structure and reduction of fuel use in vehicles. As a result, concentration of PM2.5 was reduced by 39.6 per cent in 2017 compared to 2013; whilethe average annual carbon concentration in provinces of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei dropped by 27, 21 and 18 per cent respectively. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, 12.5 per cent of all deaths in 2017 were due to poor air quality in India. Morbi is a small city of Gujarat, famous for its giant ceramic sector with 900 ceramic manufacturing units, which contribute considerably to the region’s economy. Nevertheless, usage of coal gas in production of the ceramic tiles was making the air quality of the area very hazardous causing health issues for the residents. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) banned the coal gasification technology used in the ceramic units of Morbi in March 2019, and ordered the Gujarat Pollution Control Board to shut down allcoal gasifiers in the area. NGT also asked all the ceramic manufacturing units to switch over to cleaner fuels. Consequently, all the ceramic units of the area immediately switched over to Piped Natural Gas, the supply and network of whichthey already had access to. The switch to natural gas brought swift results and the air quality of the region improved significantly. There was a 75 per cent drop in PM2.5 pollutant levels, a 72 per cent drop in PM10 pollutant levels and an
85 per cent drop in SO2 levels.