The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on October 2, 2014, with a target to make the country clean by October 2, 2019. All 4041 statutory towns as per census 2011 are covered under SBM. The admissible components under SBM with broad funding pattern were:
Household toilets including conversion of insanitary latrines into pour-flush latrines (`4000 per toilet as an incentive);
Community toilets (max 40 per cent VGF);
Public toilets (100 per cent Private Investment);
Solid Waste Management (max 20 per cent VGF later increased to
35 per cent);
IEC and Public Awareness (15 per cent) and;
Capacity Building and Administrative & Office Expenditure (A&OE) (5 per cent).
SBM 1.0 was implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development (M/oUD) and by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (M/o DWS) for urban and rural areas, respectively.
The objectives of SBM-U 1.0 are:
Eliminate open defecation,
Conversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toilets,
Eradication of manual scavenging,
100 per cent collection and scientific processing/ disposal/ reuse/ recycle of municipal solid waste,
To bring about a behavioural change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices,
Generate awareness among the citizens about sanitation and its linkages with public health,
Strengthening of urban local bodies to design, execute and operate systems,
To create enabling environment for private sector participation in Capital expenditure and Operation and Maintenance expenditure (O&M).
Mission outlay
The estimated cost of implementation of SBM (Urban) based on unit and per capita costs for its various components was 62,009 crore. The Government of India’s share as per approved funding pattern amounted to14,623 crore. In addition, a minimum additional amount equivalent to 25 per cent of GoI funding, amounting to `4,874 crore should be contributed by the states as state/ULB share. The balance fund was proposed to be generated through various other sources, which are:
Private Sector Participation
Additional Resources from State Government/ULB
Beneficiary Share
User Charges
Land Leveraging
Innovative revenue streams
Swachh Bharat Kosh
Corporate Social Responsibility
Market Borrowing
External Assistance
SBM 2.0
Mission launch
The second phase of the Mission is now being extended for a period of five years, from October 1, 2021 to October 1, 2026, as Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 2.0 (SBM-U 2.0), for completing the work remaining, institutionalizing ‘swachh’ behavior and making it sustainable. The Government of India, in partnership with States/ UTs and ULBs, is committed to make all cities ‘Garbage Free’ under SBM-Urban 2.0 in order to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030, which will ultimately improve the quality of life and ease of living of urban populations, thus leading to urban transformation. The SBM-U 2.0 is having following areas of focus:
To achieve the vision of a “Garbage Free” Urban India, more focus is required to be given to issues such as source segregation, collection & transportation, and processing, including effective management of construction and demolition waste, plastic waste management including reduction in single use plastic, and remediating all legacy dumpsites;
To sustain the ODF status and prevent slippage, there is a need to ensure that all faecal sludge and waste water are safely contained, transported, processed and disposed off, so that no untreated faecal sludge or used water pollutes the ground or water bodies;
Intensified focus is required to be given to IEC and behavior change through citizen outreach and jan andolan, as well as capacity building and skilling of all relevant stakeholders
Apart from the above, concentration is also needed on the following issues mentioned below without which, SBM-U 2.0 may not be fully successful.
Need for continued investment in IHHLs and CT/PTs;
Need for focusing on entire sanitation value chain for inclusive sanitation, which also includes collection, containment, treatment, disposal and recycling of faecal waste and waste water;
Need for managing different types of solid wastes (including plastic, C&D and sanitary waste);
Need for budgetary support for disposal of legacy waste, management of plastic waste, C&D waste.
Overall vision and specific objectives
SBM-U 2.0 will be implemented with a vision of achieving “Garbage Free” status for all cities. In order to achieve this vision, the following specific objectives are targeted to be achieved:
Sustainable Solid Waste Management
ensuring cleanliness and hygiene in public places to make all cities clean and garbage free, with 100% scientific processing of MSW;
reducing air pollution arising out of SWM activities;
phased reduction in use of single-use plastic.
Sustainable Sanitation and treatment of used water
holistic sanitation, with end-to end solutions (from discharge, containment, evacuation, transportation to safe disposal of all effluents from toilets);
treatment of used water before discharge into water bodies, and maximum reuse of treated water;
eradication of hazardous entry into sewers and septic tanks, and sustaining elimination of manual scavenging, through mechanization of sewer and septic tank cleaning operations.
To ensure that no untreated fecal sludge or used water is discharged into the environment, and all used water (including sewerage and septage, grey water and black water) is safely contained, transported and treated, along with maximum reuse of treated used water, in all cities with less than 1 lakh population.
The following components would be eligible for funding:
desludging equipment, for scheduled and need-based desludging of all septic tanks;
interception and diversion of drains (I&D) (including last mile connectivity for nearest sewer network);
construction of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)/ STP cum Faecal Sludge Treatment plants (FSTPs) for used water treatment.
Conclusion
The first phase of the Swachh Bharat Mission focussed mainly on the construction of toilets for individuals and in the community and the public areas. As the gap of the toilets was filled till 2019, the country was declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) and some focus was given to faecal sludge management as it was one of the major concerns after all toilets were made. The second major component was solid waste management and the first phase focussed on various parameters but during implementation, a lot of challenges cropped up and needed attention. Sanitation usually covers both solid and liquid waste management and in the first phase, the attention was mainly on solid waste. Thus, in the second phase, a balanced phase has been adopted and both liquid (black and grey water management) and all components of solid waste management is being covered through focussed information, education and communication campaigns, clubbed with skill development. The idea is to achieve the vision by making it a jan andolan.