India, as a rapidly developing nation, has been committed to promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment. The reservation of seats for women in municipal corporations has emerged as a vital instrument for ensuring their representation in local governance. The reservation typically guarantees a minimum of 33 per cent of seats for women in municipal corporations. This article explores the significance, impact, challenges, and future prospects of reservation for women in municipal corporations in India
The reservation of seats for women in municipal corporations in India can be traced back to the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in 1992. These amendments mandated the reservation of one-third of seats for women in the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across the country. This landmark step aimed to rectify the underrepresentation of women in decision-making processes at the grassroots level. It aimed to address the gender gap in decision-making bodies, facilitate gender-responsive governance, and provide a platform for women to voice their concerns.
Significance & Impact
The reservation of seats for women has significantly increased their participation and representation in municipal corporations. The inclusion of women has led to policy decisions that are more responsive to the needs of women and marginalised communities. Additionally, it has played a crucial role in empowering women, boosting their confidence, and inspiring them to take leadership positions beyond local governance.
Increased representation
By reserving seats for women in municipal corporations, more women have been able to participate in decision-making processes and hold positions of power. This has led to more diverse and inclusive representation within local governance bodies.
Empowerment of women
Reservation has played a crucial role in empowering women in India. It has provided them with an opportunity to actively engage in politics, voice their concerns, and contribute to policy-making at the local level. Increased political participation has helped women gain confidence, leadership skills, and a sense of empowerment.
Focused on women-centric issues
Women representatives often prioritise women-centric issues, such as gender-based violence, women’s health, education, and empowerment. Their presence in municipal corporations has helped bring attention to these issues and ensure that they are addressed effectively. Women’s perspectives and experiences are better reflected in policies and programmes, leading to improved outcomes for women in their communities.
Enhancing social welfare programmes
Women’s representatives have been instrumental in promoting and implementing social welfare programmes targeted at women and marginalised groups. The reservation has contributed to the development and implementation of more inclusive and gender-sensitive policies.
Changing societal attitudes
The increased participation of women in municipal corporations has challenged traditional gender roles and norms in society. It has helped break stereotypes and perceptions about women’s capabilities in leadership roles. By witnessing the effective governance and decision-making abilities of women representatives, societal attitudes towards women’s leadership have gradually begun to change.
The reservation of seats for women in municipal corporations varies across countries. Let’s compare the reservation policies for women in municipal corporations in India and some other countries. In India, the reservation of seats for women in municipal corporations is governed by the Constitution of India. The 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution in 1992 mandated a reservation of one-third of the seats for women in local bodies, including municipal corporations. This reservation applies to both the direct election seats and the offices of chairpersons. It aims to enhance women’s participation in local governance and decision-making processes.
The reservation of seats for women in India varies from state to state, as each state has the autonomy to determine the exact percentage of seats reserved for women. While the constitutional provision mandates one-third reservation, some states have gone beyond this requirement and increased the reservation percentage. For example, states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Rajasthan have implemented a 50 per cent reservation for women in local bodies.
Female Mayors around the world
Several countries around the world have also implemented various measures to enhance women’s representation in local governance, although the specific reservation policies may differ. There are many accomplished female mayors around the world who have made significant contributions to their communities. For example, Anne Hidalgo has been the mayor of Paris since 2014. She has implemented several environmental initiatives, such as pedestrianising the city centre, promoting cycling, and reducing air pollution. She is known for her progressive policies and commitment to making Paris a sustainable and inclusive city. Ada Colau, who became the Mayor of Barcelona, Spain, in 2015, has focused on affordable housing, public space, and improving social welfare programmes in Barcelona. Besides, Patricia de Lille, who served as the Mayor of Cape Town, South Africa, from 2011 to 2018, played a crucial role in improving service delivery and promoting transparency in the city; Yuriko Koike, the first female Governor of Tokyo, Japan, who was elected twice—in 2016 and then re-elected in 2020—has focused on urban development, environmental sustainability, and improving Tokyo’s resilience.
These are just a few examples of accomplished female representatives, but there are many more inspiring leaders making a difference in their respective cities around the world.
Challenges and Limitations
While the reservation policy in India has been successful in promoting women’s representation, it faces certain challenges and limitations that need to be addressed to ensure more meaningful and equitable participation of women in local governance. One of the main challenges is the lack of adequate support and resources for female elected representatives. Many women face gender biases, patriarchal attitudes, and resistance from their male counterparts, hindering their effective participation and decision-making power. Furthermore, there is a need to address the issue of tokenism, where women are often elected to reserved seats but are not provided equal opportunities for leadership roles.
Another limitation is the intersectionality of identity, as reservations solely based on gender may not adequately represent the diversity of women’s experiences. Women from marginalised communities, such as Dalits, Adivasis, and religious minorities, may face multiple forms of discrimination. Ensuring adequate representation and meaningful participation for these women remains a challenge.
Future Prospects and Recommendations
To further strengthen the reservation policy and enhance its impact, several measures can be undertaken. Firstly, there is a need to provide capacity-building programmes, training, and mentorship to women representatives to equip them with the necessary skills and knowledge for effective governance. This will empower them to actively engage in decision-making processes and contribute to inclusive and sustainable development.
Secondly, political parties and civil society organisations should play an active role in creating an enabling environment for women’s political participation. Encouraging women to join political parties, nurturing women leaders, and advocating for their rights will contribute to the long-term success of reservation policies.
Thirdly, it is essential to address the biases and prejudices prevalent in society that hinder women’s progress. Sensitization programmes should be conducted at various levels to challenge traditional gender norms, promote gender equality, and create a supportive ecosystem for women in politics.
Lastly, there should be a focus on increasing the intersectionality of reservation policies by considering factors such as caste, religion, and socioeconomic background to ensure a more inclusive representation of women from marginalised communities.