The transportation sector is reportedly one of the largest contributors to Greenhouse Gas emissions. Some estimates put it at about one-third of all emissions. Therefore it is obvious that substantial benefits can be derived by de-carbonising this sector. This process is well underway in India with all round shift away from fossil fuels based transportation options. Two-wheelers, cars and buses are all moving towards battery-based electric mobility. This is an encouraging trend. However, sections of experts have warned about overdependence on electric mobility. While tail-pipe emissions will surely reduce, there will be emissions in the process of generating power for charging the batteries. Safe disposal of used batteries is also an environmental challenge. Dependence on limited foreign sources for the raw material to manufacture batteries is another issue. Hydrogen fuel cell based transportation is another technology that is already in use and holds promise.
Alongside all these, there is need for greater focus on non-motorised mobility options. The most obvious are walking and cycling. There is need for adequate, safe, encroachment-free walkways along all streets so citizens are encouraged to walk rather than use scooters and cars. Alongside, the practice of free parking in public spaces needs to be done away with. Parking must be priced appropriately so as to discourage use of two and four wheeled motor vehicles, while augmenting local body revenues. Such revenue must be ring-fenced to provide better amenities for pedestrians. Some of the busy shopping streets could be made walking plus cycling-only zones. This will take motorized vehicles off the roads and improve pedestrian safety. This is in practice in some cities and needs to be expanded. With the rapid roll-out of metro systems, good last-mile connectivity is necessary to realise their full potential. Hired bicycles, electric 2-wheelers and pedi-cabs could provide good options in place of motorcycles and cars that add to congestion, emission, parking and safety issues.
As is evident, the issue of de-carbonising the transportation sector is vital and urgent. Alongside, there are several technology options available to address the issue. However, there is need for all round citizen engagement supported by active local body initiatives for specific programmes. Primarily public transport must be made available, accessible, comfortable, and affordable. While the metro systems will play a big role in popularizing public transport, the crucial role of the city bus service must not be forgotten. It has served and continues to serve a pivotal role in many of our large cities – Mumbai for example. In this metropolis, while the suburban rail service continues as the lifeline of the city since decades, the bus service provides crucial first and last-mile connectivity due to its reliable and affordable services. While the city bears a cost for this due to under-recoveries, it seems worth it. Electric buses being introduced in many cities will enable clean up the air further.
Low carbon mobility needs action on multiple fronts. Promoting public transport, discouraging private transport, phasing out fossil fuel based options, etc. Happily, many innovative efforts are being made and we could see cleaner air in cities soon.
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